Sejarah Komputer dan Perkembanganya– Sejak dahulu, proses pengolahan data telah dilakukan oleh manusia. Manusia juga menemukan alat-alat mekanik dan elektronik untuk membantu manusia dalam penghitungan dan pengolahan data supaya bisa mendapatkan hasil lebih cepat. Komputer yang kita temui saat ini adalah suatu evolusi panjang dari penemuan-penemuan manusia sejak dahulu kala berupa alat mekanik maupun elektronik
Saat ini komputer dan piranti pendukungnya telah masuk dalam setiap aspek kehidupan dan pekerjaan. Komputer yang ada sekarang memiliki kemampuan yang lebih dari sekedar perhitungan matematik biasa. Diantaranya adalah sistem komputer di kassa supermarket yang mampu membaca kode barang belanja, sentral telepon yang menangani jutaan panggilan dan komunikasi, jaringan komputer dan internet yang menghubungkan berbagai tempat di dunia.
Sejarah Komputer menurut periodenya adalah:
- Alat Hitung Tradisional dan Kalkulator Mekanik
- Komputer Generasi Pertama
- Komputer Generasi Kedua
- Komputer Generasi Ketiga
- Komputer Generasi Keempat
- Komputer Generasi Kelima
1. Komputer Generasi Pertama (1946 – 1959)
Dengan terjadinya Perang Dunia II, negara negara yang terlibat dalam perang tersebut berusaha mengembangkan untuk mengeksploit potensi strategis yang dimiliki komputer.
Hal ini meningkatkan pendanaan pengembangan komputer serta mempercepat kemajuan teknik komputer.
(1) Colassus
(2) Mark I
(3) ENIAC
(4) EDVAC
(5) UNIVAC I
Ciri komputer generasi pertama adalah:
- Penggunaan tube vakum (yang membuat komputer pada masa tersebut berukuran sangat besar)
- Adanya silinder magnetik untuk penyimpanan data.
- Instruksi operasi dibuat secara spesifik untuk suatu tugas tertentu.
- Setiap komputer memiliki program kode biner yang berbeda yang disebut “bahasa mesin” (machine language). Hal ini menyebabkan komputer sulit untuk diprogram dan membatasi kecepatannya.
Hal ini meningkatkan pendanaan pengembangan komputer serta mempercepat kemajuan teknik komputer.
(1) Colassus
(2) Mark I
(3) ENIAC
(4) EDVAC
(5) UNIVAC I
Ciri komputer generasi pertama adalah:
- Penggunaan tube vakum (yang membuat komputer pada masa tersebut berukuran sangat besar)
- Adanya silinder magnetik untuk penyimpanan data.
- Instruksi operasi dibuat secara spesifik untuk suatu tugas tertentu.
- Setiap komputer memiliki program kode biner yang berbeda yang disebut “bahasa mesin” (machine language). Hal ini menyebabkan komputer sulit untuk diprogram dan membatasi kecepatannya.
2. Komputer Generasi Kedua (1959 – 1964)
Stretch dan LARC
Mesin pertama yang memanfaatkan teknologi baru ini adalah superkomputer. IBM membuat superkomputer bernama Stretch, dan Sprery Rand membuat komputer bernama LARC. Komputer komputer ini,yang dikembangkan untuk laboratorium energi atom, dapat menangani sejumlah besar data, sebuah kemampuan yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh peneliti atom. Mesin tersebut sangat mahal dan cenderung terlalu kompleks untuk kebutuhan komputasi bisnis, sehingga membatasi kepopulerannya.
Hanya ada dua LARC yang pernah dipasang dan digunakan: satu di Lawrence Radiation Labs di Livermore, California, dan yang lainnya di US Navy Research and Development Center di Washington D.C. Komputer generasi kedua menggantikan bahasa mesin dengan bahasa assembly. Bahasa assembly adalah bahasa yang menggunakan singkatan singakatan untuk menggantikan kode biner.
Hanya ada dua LARC yang pernah dipasang dan digunakan: satu di Lawrence Radiation Labs di Livermore, California, dan yang lainnya di US Navy Research and Development Center di Washington D.C. Komputer generasi kedua menggantikan bahasa mesin dengan bahasa assembly. Bahasa assembly adalah bahasa yang menggunakan singkatan singakatan untuk menggantikan kode biner.
Pada awal 1960 an, mulai bermunculan komputer generasi kedua yang sukses di bidang bisnis, di universitas, dan di pemerintahan. Komputer generasi kedua ini merupakan komputer yang sepenuhnya menggunakan transistor. Mereka juga memiliki komponen komponen yang dapat diasosiasikan dengan komputer pada saat ini: printer, penyimpanan dalam disket, memory, sistem operasi, dan program.
Ciri-ciri komputer pada generasi kedua:
- Penggunaan transistor sehingga ukurannya lebih kecil
- Adanya pengembangan memori inti magnetik membantu pengembangan komputer generasi kedua yang lebih kecil, lebih cepat, lebih dapat diandalkan, dan lebih hemat energi dibanding para pendahulunya
- Penggantian dari bahasa mesin menjadi bahasa Asembly
- Muncul bahasa pemrograman COBOL dan FORTRAN
- Adanya pengembangan memori inti magnetik membantu pengembangan komputer generasi kedua yang lebih kecil, lebih cepat, lebih dapat diandalkan, dan lebih hemat energi dibanding para pendahulunya
- Penggantian dari bahasa mesin menjadi bahasa Asembly
- Muncul bahasa pemrograman COBOL dan FORTRAN
3. Komputer Generasi Ketiga (1964 – 1970)
Walaupun transistor dalam banyak hal mengungguli tube vakum, namun transistor menghasilkan panas yang cukup besar, yang dapat berpotensi merusak bagian bagian internal komputer. Batu kuarsa (quartz rock) menghilangkan masalah ini. Jack Kilby, seorang insinyur di Texas Instrument, mengembangkan sirkuit terintegrasi (IC : integrated circuit) di tahun 1958. IC mengkombinasikan tiga komponen elektronik dalam sebuah piringan silikon kecil yang terbuat dari pasir kuarsa.
Pada ilmuwan kemudian berhasil memasukkan lebih banyak komponen komponen ke dalam suatu chiptunggal yang disebut semikonduktor. Hasilnya, komputer menjadi semakin kecil karena komponen komponen dapat dipadatkan dalam chip. Kemajuan komputer generasi ketiga lainnya adalah penggunaan system operasi (operating system) yang memungkinkan mesin untuk menjalankan berbagai program yang berbeda secara serentak dengan sebuah program utama yang memonitor dan mengkoordinasi memori komputer.
Ciri-ciri komputer pada generasi ketiga:
Ciri-ciri komputer pada generasi ketiga:
- Penggunaan IC(Intregrated Circuit)
- Ukuran komputer menjadi lebih kecil
- Ditemukannya Sistem Operasi
- Ukuran komputer menjadi lebih kecil
- Ditemukannya Sistem Operasi
4. Komputer Generasi Keempat (1979 – sekarang)
Setelah IC, tujuan pengembangan menjadi lebih jelas: mengecilkan ukuran sirkuit dan komponen komponen elektrik. Large Scale Integration (LSI) dapat memuat ratusan komponen dalam sebuah chip. Pada tahun 1980 an, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) memuat ribuan komponen dalam sebuah chip tunggal. Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) meningkatkan jumlah tersebut menjadi jutaan. Kemampuan untuk memasang sedemikian banyak komponen dalam suatu keping yang berukurang setengah keping uang logam mendorong turunnya harga dan ukuran komputer. Hal tersebut juga meningkatkan daya kerja, efisiensi dan keterandalan komputer.
Chip Intel 4004 yang dibuat pada tahun 1971 membawa kemajuan pada IC dengan meletakkan seluruh komponen dari sebuah komputer (central processing unit, memori, dan kendali input/output) dalam sebuah chip yang sangat kecil. Sebelumnya, IC dibuat untuk mengerjakan suatu tugas tertentu yang spesifik. Sekarang, sebuah mikroprosesor dapat diproduksi dan kemudian diprogram untuk memenuhi seluruh kebutuhan yang diinginkan. Tidak lama kemudian, setiap perangkat rumah tangga seperti microwave oven, televisi, dan mobil dengan electronic fuel injection dilengkapi dengan mikroprosesor.
Perkembangan yang demikian memungkinkan orang orang biasa untuk menggunakan komputer biasa. Komputer tidak lagi menjadi dominasi perusahaan perusahaan besar atau lembaga pemerintah. Pada pertengahantahun 1970 an, perakit komputer menawarkan produk komputer mereka ke masyarakat umum. Komputer komputer ini, yang disebut minikomputer, dijual dengan paket piranti lunak yang mudah digunakan oleh kalangan awam. Piranti lunak yang paling populer pada saat itu adalah program word processing dan spreadsheet. Pada awal 1980 an, video game seperti Atari 2600 menarik perhatian konsumen pada komputer rumahan yang lebih canggih dan dapat diprogram.
Pada tahun 1981, IBM memperkenalkan penggunaan Personal Computer (PC) untuk penggunaan di rumah, kantor, dan sekolah. Jumlah PC yang digunakan melonjak dari 2 juta unit di tahun 1981 menjadi 5,5 juta unit di tahun 1982. Sepuluh tahun kemudian, 65 juta PC digunakan. Komputer melanjutkan evolusinya menuju ukuran yang lebih kecil, dari komputer yang berada di atas meja (desktop computer) menjadi komputer yang dapat dimasukkan ke dalam tas (laptop), atau bahkan komputer yang dapat digenggam (palmtop).
IBM PC bersaing dengan Apple Macintosh dalam memperebutkan pasar komputer. Apple Macintosh menjadi terkenal karena mempopulerkan system grafis pada komputernya, sementara saingannya masih menggunakan komputer yang berbasis teks. Macintosh juga mempopulerkan penggunaan piranti mouse.
Pada masa sekarang, kita mengenal perjalanan IBM compatible dengan pemakaian CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (Serial dari CPU buatan Intel). Juga kita kenal AMD k6, Athlon, dsb. Ini semua masuk dalam golongan komputer generasi keempat. Seiring dengan menjamurnya penggunaan komputer di tempat kerja, cara cara baru untuk menggali potensial terus dikembangkan. Seiring dengan bertambah kuatnya suatu komputer kecil, komputer komputer tersebut dapat dihubungkan secara bersamaan dalam suatu jaringan untuk saling berbagi memori, piranti lunak, informasi, dan juga untuk dapat saling berkomunikasi satu dengan yang lainnya. Komputer jaringan memungkinkan komputer tunggal untuk membentuk kerjasama elektronik untuk menyelesaikan suatu proses tugas. Dengan menggunakan perkabelan langsung (disebut juga local area network, LAN), atau kabel telepon, jaringan ini dapat berkembang menjadi sangat besar.
Ciri-ciri komputer pada generasi keempat:
• Digunakannya LSI, VLSI, ULSI
• Digunakannya mikroprosesor
• Digunakannya LSI, VLSI, ULSI
• Digunakannya mikroprosesor
Banyak kemajuan di bidang disain komputer dan teknologi semakin memungkinkan pembuatan komputer generasi kelima. Dua kemajuan rekayasa yang terutama adalah kemampuan pemrosesan paralel, yang akan menggantikan model von Neumann. Model von Neumann akan digantikan dengan sistem yang mampu mengkoordinasikan banyak CPU untuk bekerja secara serempak. Kemajuan lain adalah teknologi superkonduktor yang memungkinkan aliran elektrik tanpa ada hambatan apapun, yang nantinya dapat mempercepat kecepatan informasi.
Computer history and its development
Computer history and its development, since first, the data processing has been performed by humans. Humans also find mechanical appliances and electronics to help humans in the calculation and data processing in order to get results faster. Computers that we encounter today is a long evolution of human inventions from time immemorial in the form of mechanical or electronic devices
Currently the computer and its supporting tools have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers are now capable of more than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them are computer systems capable of gauze code reading supermarket shopping goods, which handles millions of telephone calls and communications, computer and internet networks that connect different parts of the world.
History of Computers in the period is:
Traditional tools and Calculator Calculate the Mechanical First Generation Computers Second Generation Computers Third Generation Computers Fourth Generation Computers Fifth Generation Computer
A. First generation computers (1946 - 1959)
With the onset of World War II, the countries involved in the war sought to develop to exploit their potential strategic computer. This increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress. (1) Colassus (2) Mark I (3) ENIAC (4) EDVAC (5) UNIVAC I The first generation of computer characteristics are: - The use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time very large) - The existence of magnetic cylinders for the storage of data. - Operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. - Each computer has a different binary code program called "machine language" (machine language). This made the computer difficult to program and the speed limit.
2. Second Generation Computers (1959 - 1964)
Stretch and LARC
The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery Rand called LARC. The computer is a computer, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by atomic scientists. The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting. There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses the acronym singakatan to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960's, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. This second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
The characteristics of the computer in the second generation:
- The use of transistors so that the smaller size - The existence of magnetic core memory, a second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor - Replacement of asembly language into machine language - Appears COBOL and FORTRAN programming language
3. Third Generation Computers (1964 - 1970)
Although the transistor is in many ways the vacuum tube, but the transistor generates substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand.
Scientists later managed to fit more components into a chiptunggal called a semiconductor. The result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that enables the machine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory. The characteristics of a computer on the third generation:
- The use of IC (Intregrated Circuit) - The size of computers to become smaller - The discovery of the Operating System
4. Fourth Generation Computers (1979 - present)
After IC, the only place to go was down the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a single chip. Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to put so many components in a chip that berukurang half pushing coins falling computer prices and sizes. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability.
Intel 4004 chip that was made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC made to do a certain task specific.Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection incorporated microprocessors.
Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. The computer is no longer a dominance of large companies or government agencies.At pertengahantahun 1970's, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. Computer computer, called minicomputers, sold by the software package is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980's, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. Number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be put into bags (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with the Apple Macintosh in the fight over the computer market. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPU made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, the way a new way to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, computer computer can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic collaboration to accomplish a task process.By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.
The characteristics of a computer on the fourth generation: • The use of LSI, VLSI, ULSI • The use of microprocessors
Many advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allows the creation of a fifth-generation computers. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the model of von Neumann. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate a lot of CPU to work in unison. Another advance is superconductor technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.
Computer history and its development, since first, the data processing has been performed by humans. Humans also find mechanical appliances and electronics to help humans in the calculation and data processing in order to get results faster. Computers that we encounter today is a long evolution of human inventions from time immemorial in the form of mechanical or electronic devices
Currently the computer and its supporting tools have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers are now capable of more than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them are computer systems capable of gauze code reading supermarket shopping goods, which handles millions of telephone calls and communications, computer and internet networks that connect different parts of the world.
History of Computers in the period is:
Traditional tools and Calculator Calculate the Mechanical First Generation Computers Second Generation Computers Third Generation Computers Fourth Generation Computers Fifth Generation Computer
A. First generation computers (1946 - 1959)
With the onset of World War II, the countries involved in the war sought to develop to exploit their potential strategic computer. This increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress. (1) Colassus (2) Mark I (3) ENIAC (4) EDVAC (5) UNIVAC I The first generation of computer characteristics are: - The use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time very large) - The existence of magnetic cylinders for the storage of data. - Operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. - Each computer has a different binary code program called "machine language" (machine language). This made the computer difficult to program and the speed limit.
2. Second Generation Computers (1959 - 1964)
Stretch and LARC
The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery Rand called LARC. The computer is a computer, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by atomic scientists. The machine was very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting. There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other at the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses the acronym singakatan to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960's, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. This second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
The characteristics of the computer in the second generation:
- The use of transistors so that the smaller size - The existence of magnetic core memory, a second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor - Replacement of asembly language into machine language - Appears COBOL and FORTRAN programming language
3. Third Generation Computers (1964 - 1970)
Although the transistor is in many ways the vacuum tube, but the transistor generates substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand.
Scientists later managed to fit more components into a chiptunggal called a semiconductor. The result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that enables the machine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory. The characteristics of a computer on the third generation:
- The use of IC (Intregrated Circuit) - The size of computers to become smaller - The discovery of the Operating System
4. Fourth Generation Computers (1979 - present)
After IC, the only place to go was down the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a single chip. Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to put so many components in a chip that berukurang half pushing coins falling computer prices and sizes. It also increased power, efficiency and reliability.
Intel 4004 chip that was made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC made to do a certain task specific.Now, a microprocessor could be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection incorporated microprocessors.
Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. The computer is no longer a dominance of large companies or government agencies.At pertengahantahun 1970's, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. Computer computer, called minicomputers, sold by the software package is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980's, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of the Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. Number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be put into bags (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with the Apple Macintosh in the fight over the computer market. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the graphical system on his computer, while his rival was still using text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPU made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, the way a new way to explore the potential to be developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, computer computer can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic collaboration to accomplish a task process.By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.
The characteristics of a computer on the fourth generation: • The use of LSI, VLSI, ULSI • The use of microprocessors
Many advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allows the creation of a fifth-generation computers. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the model of von Neumann. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate a lot of CPU to work in unison. Another advance is superconductor technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which in turn can accelerate the speed of information.
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